In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate, the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its auxiliaries. On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. On the semantic side, argument structure represents the core participants in events states, processes designated by a single predicator. Ken hale and samuel jay keyser, prolegomenon to a theory. Tts claim cite additionally, there are many benefits to going through the. A sentence declaring something that can be true or false. Argumentative essay structure by prezi user on prezi. The main analytical focus is on passives, nominals, psychological predicates, and the theory of external arguments. Ken hale and samuel jay keyser, prolegomenon to a theory of. That is to say, each of the major assumptions provided as a rationale for the proposed research approach is actually an intermediate conclusion from even more basic premises. This concise but thorough text carefully scaffolds argument for students, explaining approaches to argumentation, critical reading, and argument analysis.
Hale and others published prolegomena to a theory of argument structure find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This book is an extraordinarily lucid presentation of hale and keysers insightful, and deservedly influential, approach to argument structure. It examines the hypothesis that the behavior of lexical items may be explained in terms of a very small number of very simple principles. The basic elements of argument structure, in mit working papers in linguistics 32. Basically, argument is a claim defended with reasons. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure, cambridge, ma. Arguments are what philosophers spend most of their time worrying about. As we know, there are four basic types of argument structure in the standard approach, linked, convergent, serial and divergent structure cf. Argument structure japanese passives double object. How to structure an argument cheat sheet ideas out there. Hale and keyser 2002 kenneth hale and samuel j keyser. But from the view of the standard approach, the components of an argument are either premises or conclusions. With a bit of practice and experience, though, the basic format could be used during less structured debates with one or two modifications and even heated everyday arguments.
Nominalizations, functional structure, and argument structure. Thus argument structure is an interface between the semantics and syntax of predicators which we may take to be verbs in the general case. Each world has more than 20 groups with 5 puzzles each. The problematic cases involve first merge of x and y.
Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure linguistic inquiry monographs 39. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure linguistic. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Agree, however, it will be assigned to pro in specvp. A theory of locality, phd thesis, university of geneva, geneva. Now, whats wrong with our standard theory of argument structure. The contributions propose cartographic views of argument structure, as opposed to minimalistic proposals of a binary template model for argument structure, in order to optimally account for various syntactic and semantic facts, as well as data derived from wider crosslinguistic perspectives. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure the mit press. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. In chapter 3, i will present the main findings of my analysis, followed by discussion and proposals for further research. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure linguistic inquiry monographs ken hale, samuel jay keyser this work is the culmination of an eighteenyear collaboration between ken hale and samuel jay keyser on the study of the syntax of lexical items. Argument structure constructions and the argument adjunct distinction page 18 unspecified with respect to category. Some authors only define logical form with respect to whole arguments, as the schemata or.
Argument struture and ditransitive verbs in japanese. Premises or propositions are statements that directly support the conclusion. Full text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs. A predicate and its arguments form a predicate argument structure. The victory led some people to claim that the machine possessed powers of understanding on a level with humans. Toward a unified theory of argument structure and grammatical function changing morphology john bowers cornell university i. Antecedentcontained deletion and the copy theory of movement. Critical thinking section 1 the structure of arguments. Chapter 2 argument structure each category affects the grammaticality of a sentence differently. Structure and content of arguments ibms computer, watson, defeated two champion human players at jeopardy. Prolegomenon definition of prolegomenon by the free. On specification predication and the derivation of copular. Are you looking for neverending fun in this exciting logicbrain app.
Base of an argument or theory codycross answers all levels. The logical structure of arguments in chapter 3 you learned that the core of an argument is a claim supported by reasons and that these reasons can often be stated as because clauses attached to a claim. It formulates an original and highly predictive theory of argument structure that accounts for a large number of syntactic phenomena. A logical argument, seen as an ordered set of sentences, has a logical form that derives from the form of its constituent sentences. This work is the culmination of an eighteenyear collaboration between ken hale and samuel jay keyser on the study of the syntax of lexical items. It is argued that have is realized in the context of an applicative head appl and an eventintroducer v, regardless of the type of v.
Lecture notes argument structure and syntax linguistics. Prolegomena to a theory of argument structure request pdf. John had mary read a book and experiencer constructions e. Based on the perspective, the materials and the instructions provided to language learners need to be developed in a way that promotes the learners access to the characteristics of english argument structure constructions.
This paper presents two confronted theories of how roots elements which, by definition, convey exclusively conceptual content are integrated in the syntactic structure of the vp. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure request pdf. This paper provides a unified syntactic account of the distribution of english have in causative constructions e. Request pdf on jan 1, 2002, ken hale and others published prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. It is composed of a group of statements with one or more statements premises supporting another statement conclusion. Codycross is an addictive game developed by fanatee. Following the convention in theoretical syntax, the subject and objects of a verb are called its. Constructionists regard argument structure constructions as impetus and facilitator in language acquisition. Lexicality and argument structure1 joan bresnan paris syntax and semantics conference october 12, 1995 1 the problem argument structure has two faces, semantic and syntactic. Hale and samuel jay keyser in 2002s prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure, argument structure is determined by properties of lexical items, in particular, by the syntactic configurations in which they must appear. It is one more reminder of how much we will miss ken hale, but how blessed we were to have him as long as we did.
On the contribution of argument structure constructions to. The logical structure of the research approach argument. They may be combined to represent a very complicated argument as fig. Argument structure constructions and the argumentadjunct distinction page 18 unspecified with respect to category. The proposed account provides empirical evidence for expanding the distribution of appl. The basic structure of argument critical thinkers world. An essay on stress current studies in linguistics 15. Most of what follows applies in formal debating scenarios. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure, cambridge mass. Argument structure in usagebased construction grammar. Argumentative essay structure body paragraphs claim, cite, clarify. Lexicality and argument structure1 stanford university.
Here are all the base of an argument or theory answers. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure linguistic inquiry monographs samuel jay keyser, general editor 6. Argument structure and the syntaxlexicon interface sophia smith. On specification predication and the derivation of copular to. Asymmetry and sprayload alternation in russian this paper proposes a unified analysis of sprayload alternation in russian based on the assumption that in both constructions in 1 the complement of the verb is a small clause sc. A simple argument must have a conclusion and at least two premises. Against this view, philosopher john searle argued that the machine did not and could not understand anything. Paper presented at mit linguistics colloquium, october 15th, 2010. Papers from the upenn mit roundtable on argument structure, cambridge mass. Chapter3 argument structure and the conceptual framework. In this regard, the complement is a closely related concept.
Howard lasnik, department of linguistics, university of maryland. In particular, a lexical item is assumed to project a syntactic configuration defined over just two relations. A predicate and its arguments form a predicateargument structure. For verbs, the most conspicuous property is transitivity, which we investigate in this chapter. Unergative verbs are argued to be transitive since they involve merging a. Argument structure constructions and the argumentadjunct. Unity of linguistic meaning, by john collins mind oxford. In collinss theory, this filter is, ultimately, a lexical one, depending on feature specifications of lexical items and how these match or fail to match when they are merged. Mar 26, 2017 here are all the base of an argument or theory answers. Ken hale and samuel jay keyser, prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure.
The argument structure of a verb is the lexical information about the arguments of a generally verbal predicate and their semantic and syntactic properties. The logical structure of the research approach argument the research approach argument being presented is technically a complex argument. You then need to cite evidence and clarify how that evidence supports your claim. A symmetry and sprayload alternation in russian this paper proposes a unified analysis of sprayload alternation in russian based on the assumption that in both constructions in 1 the complement of the verb is a small clause sc. Agent is the relation where the argument is the doerinitiator, patient labels the doee argument, theme is for the argument that undergoes change, and a few others like beneficiary, goal and source all represent selfexplanatory relations. Open library is an initiative of the internet archive, a 501c3 nonprofit, building a digital library of internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. Some authors only define logical form with respect to whole arguments, as the schemata or inferential structure of the argument.
In the first theory, defended by marantz 2011, roots can only be adjuncts modifiers, either of an abstract verbal head or of a dp merged as the object. Essays in linguistics in honor of sylvain bromberger, edited by kenneth hale and samuel jay keyser. Automatic inference of minimalist grammars using an smtsolver. Planet earth, under the sea, inventions, seasons, circus, transports and culinary arts. Nov 22, 2012 in collinss theory, this filter is, ultimately, a lexical one, depending on feature specifications of lexical items and how these match or fail to match when they are merged. Preminger 2011 because there is no argument to which it could be assigned at the point of the derivation where the case probe feature is on top of the stack. Argument structure this chapter deals with the level of argument structure associated with the number of arguments a predicate takes, and their semantically determined and syntactically relevant relative prominence. Introduction the traditional view of argument structure is roughly as follows. Conceptual structure argument structure external argument thematic role syntactic position these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.
This book investigates argument structure in english from a usagebased perspective, taking the view that the cognitive representation of grammar is shaped by language use, and that crucial aspects of grammatical organization are tied to the frequency with which words and syntactic constructions are used. Lin 835 syntactic theory ii fall 2005 harvard university. Prolegomenon to a theory of argument structure linguistic inquiry. Paul bennett 1 machine translation volume 18, pages 73 75 2003 cite this article. In the present chapter we examine the logical structure of arguments in more depth. The structure of argument teaches students how to approach, develop, and defend arguments one element at a time. Prolegomenon definition of prolegomenon by the free dictionary.
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